Soy isoflavones consumption and risk of breast cancer incidence or recurrence: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. (2017) carried out a meta-analysis of 143 case-control studies, where isoflavone intake was associated with endometrial, ovarian, and breast cancers [73]. In: Thompson M.J., editor. Others, however, consider such notions as prime examples of "New Age freakery". Effects of isoflavones in bone health maintenance. Hua X., Yu L., You R., Yang Y., Liao J., Chen D. Association among Dietary Flavonoids, Flavonoid Subclasses and Ovarian Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis. Interestingly, in a study conducted by Tamura et al., the authors observed that in individuals without the LPH enzyme, the concentration of isoflavones and derived metabolites was similar to that found in individuals without an enzyme deficiency. The conclusion was that isoflavones exerted little influence over bone mineral density and thus over bone health during menopause, although not all the studies observed the same effect. Endometrial cancer (Table 4), as well as breast cancer, is an estrogen-dependent cancer type related to high circulating estradiol concentrations. Reduction of the endometrial thickness in North American women (for 0.23 mm). A total of 16 studies were included in their meta-analysis with a range of 24 to 236 subjects. In the same line, in European men, isoflavone concentrations did not affect the risk of developing prostate cancer. Hairi H.A., Shuid A.N., Ibrahim N., Jamal J.A., Mohamed N., Mohamed I.N. For this reason, the results should be interpreted with caution, and more randomized clinical trials are required. Hormone replacement therapy has been proven to be effective in reducing vasomotor symptoms, although isoflavones have gained popularity as an alternative treatment to hormone replacement therapy to relieve menopausal symptoms. This result has implications for granivory and perhaps plant demography in invaded and restored coastal habitats. The Effects and Action Mechanisms of Phytoestrogens on Vasomotor Symptoms During Menopausal Transition: Thermoregulatory Mechanism. Arjmandi B.H., Smith B.J. The same results were reported in another meta-analysis published by the same authors a year later (Li et al., 2016), when they compared the efficacy of several non-hormonal drugs on hot flushes, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotoninnorepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), gabapentin, clonidine and soy isoflavones [88]. Our findings illustrate that foraging rodents, well known to be risk-averse during moonlit nights, are also affected by the presence of an invasive plant. Estradiol, which has proven efficacy on hot flushes, needs 3.09 weeks to achieve half of its peak activity, while isoflavones require 13.4 weeks, suggesting that 12 weeks of treatment is not enough for soy isoflavones to exert a beneficial effect. Morning 3: Temp 98.6 BP 124/83 Pulse 62 bpm. By contrast, it seems that soy isoflavones do not lead to a meaningful protective effect on cardiovascular risk. (At least not real scientists.) Isoflavones have received attention due to their putative healthy properties. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Regarding blood pressure, inconsistent results were reported in three further interventional studies (n = 406 healthy, postmenopausal or obese participants aged 5079 years) either in diastolic or systolic blood pressure, after a supplementation with soy-protein. Juglans regia L. is a traditional plant that has been integrated into traditional medicine since ancient times. With regard to isoflavone content in foodstuffs, it has been observed that in soybeans, the amount of these phenolic compounds ranges from 1.2 to 4.2 mg per g on dry weight, whereas in red clover, the amount varies between 10 and 25 mg per g on dry weight [15,16]. (2020) revealed that supplementation of soy isoflavones had a positive effect in reducing arterial stiffness, also known as the loss of arterial elasticity [59]. Thirty-seven articles presenting evidence of the physiological effects of viewing nature were selected. Abdi et al. Schmidt M., Arjomand-Wlkart K., Birkhuser M.H., Genazzani A.R., Gruber D.M., Huber J., Klbl H., Kreft S., Leodolter S., Linsberger D., et al. This fact does not seem to be influenced by genetics since migrating from eastern to western countries appears to cause the loss of this protective effect. However, the authors stated that they could not reach definitive conclusions due to, among other reasons, the lack of inclusion in the review of randomized controlled clinical trials focused on the treatment of osteoporosis in early menopause. Indeed, the dose levels of dietary isoflavones require a better definition, and the measurements of isoflavone consumption should be provided in quantifiable terms. Lambert M.N.T., Hu L.M., Jeppesen P.B. In the meta-analysis reported by Applegate et al. The most significant food source of isoflavones in humans is soy-derived products. and A.F.-Q. However, some limitations were found in these prospective studies, such as the small sample size of the cohorts and the unspecific definition of high, moderate and low isoflavone intake. Qiu S., Jiang C. Soy and isoflavones consumption and breast cancer survival and recurrence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. . Efficacy of phytoestrogens for menopausal symptoms: A meta-analysis and systematic review. In view of the results gathered in the present review, we can conclude that there is scientific evidence that reveals the beneficial effect of isoflavones on bone health and thus in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Moreover, even though the binding affinity of isoflavones to the ER receptors is less than that of 17-estradiol, they can also act as estrogenic compounds when the endogenous estradiol is not available [8]. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (, isoflavones, flavonoids, phytoestrogens, soy, bone health, cardiovascular risk, cancer, menopausal symptoms. However, the results do not seem entirely conclusive, for there are discrepancies among the studies, probably related to their experimental designs. Moreover, Rienks et al. Regarding breast cancer (Table 4), the same increase in soy isoflavone intake (10 mg/day) was related to a 9% lower risk of breast cancer mortality. (2016) included 17 studies (nine case-control studies and eight cohort studies) [80]. In tropical climates meat which is exposed to the moonlight rapidly becomes putrid ; and in the Indies, the negroes who will lie sweltering and unoovered beneath the full glare of a tropical sun, carefully muffle their heads and faces when exposed to the moonbeams, which they believe will cause swelling and distortion of the features, and sometimes even blindness. The aglycone and conjugate forms of genistein represent up to 60% of total isoflavones, this being up to 30% in the case of daidzein. Potential health adverse effects in the intake of isoflavones have been postulated due to their estrogenic activity, especially in relation to breast cancer. Contraction stimulates translocation of glucose transporter GLUT4 in skeletal muscle through a mechanism distinct from that of insulin. It follows that additional high-quality, large-scale randomized controlled trials are needed. Further, Chalvon-Demersay et al. Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. Thus, whereas Asian populations have an average isoflavone consumption of >30 mg/day, Western populations consume <1 mg/day [83]. "It's not. Concerning this issue, six meta-analyses and two systematic reviews are included in the present review (Table 5). In the end, isoflavones could be useful in reducing hot flushes associated with menopause. As it has been stated in the Bioavailability section, microbiota composition in humans makes equol production very variable, which yields high interindividual differences. In contrast, red clover was not associated with changes in the hot flush frequency. Only one study examined the effects of red clover on night sweats, and a significant association was found, which showed a decreased frequency in night sweats. Potential mechanism of action of isoflavones on bone metabolism. In a more recent systematic review, including two meta-analyses, as well as one multicenter and randomized controlled trial, Chen and his team concluded that isoflavones reduced lumbar spine bone mineral density loss [53]. Due to the high prevalence of colorectal cancer, three meta-analyses addressing this issue are included in the present review. Since hepatic lipase and lipoprotein lipase hydrolyze triglycerides into their constituents glycerol and fatty acids, their activation results in the delivery of the fatty acids to tissues such as muscle and adipose tissue. Soy products (0.05130 g/day) and total isoflavones (0.28 to 63 mg/day). In soybeans, the three most abundant isoflavones are present in four chemical forms: aglycone, glycoside, acetylglycoside and malonylglucoside (Table 1 and Figure 2). ; WritingReview and Editing, M.P.P., S.G.-Z., I.E. With regard to the mechanisms by which isoflavones act to reduce cancer risk, it has been suggested that the effects are due to the similarity of the isoflavone molecule to estradiol. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, https://data.nal.usda.gov/dataset/usda-database-isoflavone-content-selected-foods-release-20, Acetyldaidzin, acetylgenistin, acetylglycitin, Malonyldaidzin, malonylgenistin, malonylglycitin, Moderate attenuation of bone loss, primarily at the level of the lumbar spine and the femoral neck, Prevention of osteoporosis-related bone loss in any weight status or treatment duration, Isoflavone interventions, genistein (54 mg/day) and ipriflavone (600 mg/day) in particular hold great promise in the prevention and treatment of bone mineral density, Probably they have beneficial effects on bone health in menopausal women but there are controversial reports about changes in bone mineral density, Soy isoflavones (2080 mg) and equol (10 mg), 1Meta-analysis 1Systematic review and 1clinical trial, Attenuation of lumbar spine bone mineral density, Prospective cohort and case-control studies, 508,841 participants, 17,269 with CVD events (stroke, coronary heart disease, ischemic stroke), No associations between soy isoflavones consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, and coronary heart disease, 548 participants (272 case and 276 controls), Non-significant change in flow-mediated dilation (parameter of endothelial function), Various designs (double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel design, crossover design), Isoflavones 80118 mg/day and 10 mg/day of S-equol, Positive effect of soy isoflavones on arterial stiffness, 1391268 menopausal and postmenopausal women, Reduction in total cholesterol and triglyceride plasma concentrations, 337 healthy, diabetic or hypercholesterolemic individuals, Reduction in total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol, Decreased risk of acute coronary syndrome or coronary heart disease, 9% lower risk of estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer mortality, Inverse association between isoflavone intake and both overall mortality and breast cancer recurrence, Isoflavones (the amount varies greatly among different soy foods), Pre-diagnosis, soy isoflavone consumption has a poor effect on survival of postmenopausal women, High dietary intake of soy foods (dose non-defined), Significant reduction of breast cancer risk, Sample sizes (from 100 to 15,688 participants), Daidzein, genistein, and equol (dose non-defined), Daidzein (34%) and genistein (28%) were associated with a lower risk of breast cancer, Prospective cohort study (3) Case-control study (10), 178,947 (7067 cases and 171,880 controls). 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